Volume  Thirteen 


M 


umber  Three 


SCHOOL  OF  Sl^^'t^^^. 
AND  METALLUHCt  I 

UNIVERSITY  oS  MISSOURI 


BULLETIN 

JUNE,  1921 


TRAINING  FOR  FOREIGN  EXPLORATION 

H.  FOSTER  BAIN 


Entered  as  second-class  matter  January  7, 1909,  at  the  Post  Office  at 
Rolla,  Missouri,  under  the  Act  of  July  18,  1894.     Issued  Quarterly. 


SCHOOL  of  MINES 
and  METALLURGY 

UNIVERSITY  0/  MISSOURI 


S^ 


Training  for  Foreign  Exploration 

An  Address  by 

H.  Foster  Bain 

DIRECTOR,   UNITED    STATES   BUREAU   OF   MINES 
DELIVERED  AT  THE 

FORTY-EIGHTH   ANNUAL  COMMENCEMENT 
FRIDAY,   APRIL   29,    I92I 


ROLLA,  MISSOURI 
I  92  I 


BULLETIN  OF  THE 

School  of  Mines  and  Metallurgy 

UNIVERSITY  OF  MISSOURI 


Volume  XIII  JUNE,   1921  No.  3 

TRAINING  FOR  FOREIGN  EXPLORATION 

H.  FOSTER  BAIN 
Annual  Commencement  Address,  April  29,  1921 

Mining  engineering  occupies  a  borderland.  In  common  with 
other  branches  of  engineering  it  is  an  "art  and  science  by  which  the 
mechanical  properties  of  matter  are  made  useful  to  man  in  structures 
and  machines" — but  with  a  difference.  The  civil  engineer  digs  a  hole 
to  put  something  in  it,  a  foundation  perhaps.  The  mining  engineer 
digs  a  hole  to  get  something  out  of  it,  the  ore.  If  he  puts  anj^thing 
into  the  hole,  timbers  to  support  the  excavation  perhaps,  he  does  it 
grudgingly  and  always  with  a  view  to  the  utmost  economy  of  material. 
He  cannot,  as  can  his  fellow  professional,  build  with  an  eye  to  the 
long  future.  He  must  always  face  the  fact  that  his  main  object  is  to 
get  things  out  of  holes  and  that  when  he  has  got  out  of  a  hole  all  that 
nature  had  put  in  it,  neither  the  hole  nor  the  plant  used  in  the  work 
has  any  further  value.  There  is  but  a  modicum  of  salvage  upon  which 
he  may  count.  In  many  particulars  his  work  shows  analogies  to  that 
of  a  contractor,  and  the  same  logic  that  leads  a  contractor  to  low  first 
cost  installations  is  good,  within  reason,  for  the  mining  engineer. 
He  does  his  work  and  moves  on,  and  there  is  probably  no  profession 
calling  for  equal  skill  and  learning  in  which  the  members  wander  more. 
Always  they  are  seeking  or  extracting  or  utilizing  materials  forming 
part  of  the  crust  of  the  earth,  and  usually  are  doing  it  under  condi- 
tions or  with  equipment  that  is  at  least  suggestive  of  being  temporary. 
The  mining  engineer  must  improvise,  and  he  must  be  versatile.  Of 
him  it  may  be  written  as  Kipling  has  of  the  marine: 

"For  there  isn't  a  job  on  the  top  o'  the  earth  the 

beggar  don't  know  nor  do. 
You  can  leave  'im  at  night  on  a  bald  man's  'ead 

to  paddle  'is  own  canoe: 
'Es  a   sort   of   a   blooming   cosmopolouse — soldier 

and  sailor  too." 

(3) 


4  MISSOURI  SCHOOL  OF  MINES 

To  the  lore  of  the  geologist  he  adds  the  skill  of  the  engineer  and 
the  science  of  the  metallurgist.  Always  and  everywhere  an  eclectic, 
he  adapts  means  to  the  end.  Clearly  where  there  are  such  varied 
duties  and  opportunities  room  for  specialization  exists,  and  this  is, 
indeed,  the  fact. 

Mining  engineers,  employing  that  term  in  the  broad  general 
sense  in  which  it  has  common  usage,  are  called  upon  for  three  sorts  of 
work:  a,  geological;  b,  mining  proper,  and  c,  metallurgical.  No  one 
man  may  be  expected  to  be  competent  in  all  three,  and  each  branch 
is  really  a  profession  within  a  profession,  but  a  man  who  stays  long 
and  achieves  success  in  mining  engineering  must  know  something  of 
all  three,  and  young  men  who  leave  the  schools,  regardless  of  the 
point  of  the  triangle  at  which  they  begin,  seem  in  practice  liable  to 
end  at  either  of  the  other.  Each  of  the  three  has  applications  outside 
mining  or  verges  over  into  other  fields.  Thus  the  border  line  between 
metallurgy  and  chemical  industry  is  shadowy,  the  ties  between  mining 
engineering  proper  and  civil  engineering  are  many  and  close,  and 
geology  is  a  broad  science  which  touches  many  fields  aside  from  those 
related  to  ores  and  minable  minerals.  It  is,  however,  the  light  that 
geology  throws  on  the  genesis  and  especially  the  occurrence  of  ores  and 
minerals  that  interests  the  miner,  and  it  is  in  finding  minerals  and  guid- 
ing development  that  it  is  of  most  direct  benefit  to  him.  This  work  is 
fundamental  to  mining.  And  it  is  the -work  of  the  exploration  en- 
gineer. It  may  be  of  interest  to  inquire  as  to  the  probable  future  de- 
mand for  his  services  and  the  training  necessary  to  qualify  him  for 
service.  Since  mines  are  wasting  assets,  the  very  life  of  the  mining 
industry  is  dependent  upon  the  continual  finding  of  new  mines,  new 
ore  bodies,  and  new  reserves.  When  this  stops  mining  will  stop, 
though  the  death  may  be  a  lingering  one.  Whatever  may  be  true 
as  to  a  particular  type  of  mining  or  mining  in  a  particular  locality, 
it  must  further  be  clear  that  so  long  as  man  persists  on  this  earth  he 
will  have  use  and  need  for  some  portions  of  its  crust  and  that,  therefore, 
mining  in  some  form  will  continue.  Each  individual  mine,  be  it  ever 
so  long  lived,  is  eventually  worked  out  and  becomes  worthless  and 
other  mines  must  be  found  to  take  its  place.  The  emphasis  changes 
and  minerals  or  metals  eagerly  sought  by  one  people  or  one  genera- 
tion are  less  important  to  those  who  come  later,  sometimes  because 
their  wants  are  supplied  from  a  different  source.  In  the  early  settle- 
ment of  the  Mississippi  Valley  local  salt  supplies  were  so  important 
that  salt  lands  were  generally  set  aside  as  being  of  particular  value. 
Now  these  local  supplies  are  of  so  little  importance  that  they  are  gen- 
erally not  worked.  Nevertheless  the  salt  industry  is  many  fold 
larger  and  more  important  than  was  contemplated  by  our  grand- 
fathers. The  human  need  for  salt  is  as  great  as  ever,  and  with  in- 
creasing population  more  salt  and  hence  more  salt  mines  have  been 
needed. 

As  there  comes  to  be  more  people  in  the  world  there  will  be  more 


TRAINING  FOR  FOREIGN  EXPLORATION  5 

need  of  mineral  products  and,  disregarding  the  substitution  of  one  for 
another,  the  minimum  rate  of  increase  in  output  for  the  minerals  as  a 
whole  may  be  safely  taken  as  that  of  increase  of  population. 

There  is  an  additional  factor  that  lends  assurance  to  the  future 
of  mining.  As  civilization  spreads  and  industrialization  becomes  in- 
creasingly intensive,  the  per  capita  consumption  of  minerals  increases. 
Man  comes  more  and  more  to  depend  upon  energy  taken  from  the 
earth  to  supplement  his  own  labor.  The  brilliant  civilization  of  the 
Greeks  was  based  upon  slave  labor.  It  is  worth  remembering  that 
in  the  golden  age,  which  the  classicists  so  love  to  recall,  the  mines  of 
Larium,  worked  by  slaves,  were  so  productive  that  each  citizen  of 
Athens  received  a  dividend  in  place  of  an  annual  tax  notice.  Natur- 
ally they  had  time  to  sit  around  in  the  sunshine  and  talk  philosophy. 
The  people  of  our  times  will  not  tolerate  slavery.  We  have  found  a 
better  way  in  that  we  harness  to  our  use  the  energy  of  falling  water 
and  of  fuels  and  so  are  each  served  by  invisible,  non-consuming  genie 
of  the  earth.  The  peoples  who  make  the  most  use  of  earth  materials 
and  forces  are  the  peoples  who  work  the  shortest  number  of  hours, 
produce  the  most  goods  and  have  the  most  to  divide  among  them- 
selves. There  are  great  differences  between  the  peoples  of  various 
countries  and  centuries  in  this  particular.  Probably  the  civilized 
man,  on  the  average,  eats  little  if  any  more  food  than  his  ancestors  did, 
but  he  does  burn  more  coal  and  uses  more  metals.  Even  among  the 
various  peoples  of  the  present  there  are  differences.  The  Chinese 
use  about  V20  ton  of  coal  per  capita  per  annum.  Americans  use  ap- 
proximately 6  tons,  and  other  peoples  use  various  amounts  between. 
Generally  speaking,  the  world  is  learning  to  use  more  and  more  coal 
and  so  to  substitute  the  mechanical  energy  of  heat  for  human  labor. 
The  pre-war  per  capita  consumption  of  copper  in  the  United  States 
was  6  to  7  pounds  and  for  France  about  j  pound.  In  Russia  it  is 
very  much  less,  but  nothing  can  be  more  certain  than  that  through 
a  term  of  years  the  peoples  of  other  countries  are  going  to  approximate 
more  closely  to  American  standards  of  consumption.  The  United 
States  is  by  no  means  the  only  country  where  modern  plumbing  is 
appreciated,  and  as  the  cult  of  the  bathtub  spreads  around  the  world 
the  consumption  of  the  metals  will  grow.  This  demand  can  only  be 
supplied  by  re-use  of  old  metal  or  by  making  addition  to  the  world's 
stock.  Mineral  wealth,  fortunately,  is  not  necessarily  consumed  in 
use.  There  is  wastage  but  there  is  also  salvage,  and  large  amounts  of 
old  metal  are  continually  returning  to  use,  so  much  so  that  important 
metallurgical  processes  such  as  making  open-hearth  steel  and  cement 
copper  are  based  upon  supplies  of  scrap  metal. 

The  existing  stocks  of  the  various  metals  represent  accumulations 
of  all  the  centuries  that  have  gone  before,  though  very  much  the  larger 
part  has  been  won  within  the  last  hundred  years.  There  have  been 
times  in  the  past  when  but  little  was  added  to  the  stock  and  there  have 
been  peoples  who  merely  captured  in  war  and  used  the  metals  mined 


6  .MISSOURI  SCHOOL  OF  MINES 

by  others.  This  was  true  of  the  Tartar  dynasties  in  China.  The 
peoples  who  ceased  to  mine  ceased  to  progress  in  civilization  and  the 
great  civilizations  of  the  past  were  those  in  which  the  people  laid  under 
tribute  more  and  more  of  the  earth. 

As  yet  no  people  are  known  who  have  accumulated  a  sufficient 
stock  of  metals  to  supply  themselves  by  remelting  and  at  the  same 
time  to  make  progress  in  civilization.  Having  regard  to  the  many 
activities  that  lead  to  wastage  it  seems  improbable  that  any  active 
people  will  reach  the  stage  where  they  will  not  require  periodic  addi- 
tions to  their  stocks  of  metals.  In  the  opinion  of  economists,  also, 
no  active  people  have  yet  reached  a  point  of  saturation  as  regards 
even  steel,  the  most  common  of  our  metallic  alloys.  It  seems,  there- 
fore, safe  to  assume  that  demand  for  minerals  will  continue  to  increase. 

Two  methods  of  meeting  this  increasing  demand  are  known. 
By  improvements  in  technology  and  financing  it  will  be  possible  to 
lower  the  limit  of  metal  content  which  separates  ore  from  waste 
and  so  increase  the  reserves  in  known  deposits  or  make  into  ore  de- 
posits what  are  now  mere  mineral  segregations.  This  is  a  fruitful 
field  and  calls  for  application  of  the  highest  type  of  skill  aiid  genius 
in  our  profession.  It  is  one  in  which  remarkable  results  have  been 
achieved.  Working  1  %  copper  ores  means  handling  2,000  pounds  of 
material  to  recover  less  than  20  pounds  of  copper,  for  even  the  best 
practice  involves  losses.  It  is  only  possible  to  do  this  by  application 
of  excellent  technology  and  remarkable  powers  of  organization  and 
financing.  In  producing  helium  from  natural  gas  a  raw  material 
containing  less  than  1  %  is  used  and  the  technology  involves  incur- 
sions into  low  temperatures  and  high  pressures  not  previously  applied, 
on  any  large  scale  outside  physical  laboratories. 

A  second  way  to  meet  the  future  demand  for  mineral  products 
is  to  discover  new  deposits  either  of  types  made  profitable  by  the  im- 
provements of  process  and  business  organization  just  mentioned,  of 
types  long  known,  or  of  new  types.  Fortunately  there  are  oppor- 
tunities of  finding  all  three,  and  in  all  this  work  exploration  enters. 
The  search  for  "porphyry  coppers"  has  been  a  wide  one.  Beginning 
in  the  United  States,  it  has  long  since  spread  into  foreign  fields.  It 
has  led  men  into  many  of  the  odd  corners  of  the  earth  and  there  are 
regions  yet  to  be  explored.  In  conducting  this  work  knowledge  of 
the  widest  character  is  desirable.  When  Mr.  C.  G.  Gunther  began 
his  search  in  Mediterranean  countries,  which  has  resulted  in  the  de- 
velopment of  an  American  mine  of  promise  on  the  Island  of  Cypress, 
the  first  step  was  a  reading  of  the  classics.  The  Romans  and  earlier 
rulers  of  the  region  had  sources  of  copper  which,  while  small  as  judged 
by  present  American  standards,  might,  it  was  thought,  well  point 
the  way  to  a  source  for  modern  production.  It  will  be  recalled  that 
the  Utah,  Chino,  Ray,  Nevada  Consolidated,  and  other  of  our  modern 
enterprises  built  on  older  small  scale  undertakings.  Mr.  Seeley  Mudd, 
the  eminent  mining  engineer  who  studied  in  a  Missouri  school  and 


TRAINING  FOR  FOREIGN  EXPLORATION  7 

began  his  professional  career  in  a  Missouri  copper  mine,  had  the  vision 
of  applying  in  the  Mediterranean  region  the  knowledge  which  had 
grown  out  of  American  experience.  He  and  his  associates  found  in 
Mr.  Gunther  an  excllent,  enthusiastic  agent.  The  work  began,  as  I 
have  intimated,  with  a  careful  review  of  the  classics  and  was  followed 
by  field  studies  first  in  North  Africa  and  later  in  Asia  Minor,  where 
old  mines  offering  promise  of  profit  under  modern  methods  were  found. 
I  cite  this  instance  to  enforce  the  observation  that  no  knowledge  comes 
amiss  to  an  exploring  engineer.  I  hope  it  will  not  be  construed  into 
an  argument  for  making  Greek  and  Latin  required  courses  in  mining 
schools,  but  it  does  show  that  wide  learning  is  of  real  value  to  a  mining 
man  who  proposes  to  do  more  than  conduct  a  local  and  minor  opera- 
tion. As  for  Greek  and  Latin,  mining  men  as  well  as  others  who  can 
without  undue  sacrifice  of  time  become  acquainted  with  them  will 
gain  by  doing  so.  It  is  well  though  to  preserve  a  sense  of  proportion, 
and  mere  knowledge  of  foreign  languages,  ancient  or  modern,  hardly 
qualifies  one  to  assume  responsibility  as  operator  or  advisor  in  mining. 
Indeed,  a  surprising  amount  of  work  can  be  done  through  interpreters, 
since  to  a  good  geologist  the  rocks  speak  direct  and  a  competent  miner 
or  metallurgist  can  piece  together  the  story  of  old  works  and  furnaces 
from  scattered  remains,  drawing  inductions  as  surely  as  does  the  ver- 
tebrate paleontologist  from  a  few  bones.  Get  all  the  knowledge  of 
modern  languages  that  circumstances  permit.  Some  have  a 
facility  in  this  which  carries  them  far,  but  remember  that 
it  is  but  a  means  to  an  end.  In  the  course  of  a  recent  profes- 
sional trip  lasting  some  twenty  months  business  took  me  into  countries 
and  regions  where  eleven  distinct  languages  or  dialects  were  used,  so 
distinct  that  for  each  interpreters  were  necessary.  If  I  had  stopped 
to  learn  each  language  before  transacting  business  I  would  never  have 
found  time  to  do  the  work  for  which  I  was  sent.  Such  experiences  are 
not  unusual  in  these  modern  days  of  wide  travel.  It  is  helpful  but  not 
necessary  to  know  modern  languages.  Even  when  no  interpreter  is 
available  a  few  simple  words  will  carry  you  surprisingly  far.  It  is  not 
only  that  they  are  useful  in  themselves  but  they  help  to  establish 
friendly  relations.  People  generally  take  it  as  an  effort  to  good  under- 
standing that  you  have  tried  to  become  qualified  to  talk  to  them  in 
their  own  tongue,  and  words  in  any  language  carry  an  accumulation 
of  associations  which  is  left  behind  in  translating.  You  must,  how- 
ever, depend  largely  on  yourself.  Use  your  eyes  and  your  feet. 
Get  out  into  the  field  and  observe.  Leave,  if  you  must,  puzzling 
questions  as  to  labor  supply,  laws  and  regulations  until  you  can  get 
a  competent  interpreter,  but  for  the  facts  as  to  character  and  extent 
of  the  deposit  you  wish  to  see  depend  on  your  own  powers  and  energy. 
I  am  speaking  now  of  language  study  as  a  means.  Language 
and  the  whole  group  of  so-called  cultural  studies  have  another  use,  one 
not  to  be  overlooked.  If  you  purpose  to  be  an  exploration  engineer 
you  will  spend  much  time  away  from  home  often  under  most  uncon- 


8  MISSOURI  SCHOOL  OF  MINES 

genial  surroundings.  I  once  asked  a  young  man  returning  from  an 
outpost  in  West  Africa  what  he  considered  most  important  for  one 
to  have  before  going  into  such  work.  I  was  a  bit  surprised  when  he 
answered,  "a  college  education."  Experience  had  taught  him  that  a 
well  stored  mind  is  the  best  companion,  not  only  in  solitude,  but 
of  a  man  surrounded  by  primitive  and  brutalizing  conditions  to  which 
he  does  not  wish  to  succumb.  It  has  been  my  experience  to  note  young 
men  of  good  antecedents  who  have  dissipated  and  become  mere  brutes 
when  left  alone  among  savage  or  nearly  savage  people  for  lack  of 
mental  reserves.  Mental  balance  and  mental  resources  are  of  pe- 
culiar value  as  stabilizers  under  such  conditions. 

Search  for  "porphyry  coppers"  and  similar  deposits  will  almost 
certainly  carry  you  into  regions  of  ancient  mining.  It  is  well  to  be 
on  your  guard  neither  to  underestimate  or  overestimate  the  older 
civilizations.  The  ancient  miners  did  many  things  well.  They  are 
apt  to  have  exhausted  the  bonanzas  down  to  water  level,  and  high 
grade  ore  in  old  workings  is  rare.  Their  costs  were  low  since  the 
mines  were  operated  mainly  by  slave  labor.  It  does  not  follow  that 
because  others  worked  a  mine  for  centuries  or  even  because  it  yielded 
considerable  aggregate  of  metal  it  can  profitably  be  exploited 
under  modern  conditions.  With  primitive  tools  the  ancients  accom- 
plished wonders.  There  is,  however,  one  assumption  that  it  is  usually 
safe  to  make — they  did  not  work  far  below  permanent  underground 
water  level,  since  no  amount  of  human  labor  quite  accomplishes  the 
work  of  modern  pumps. 

Just  as  we  must  remember  that  price  relations  of  labor  and  metal 
were  in  ancient  times  very  different  from  those  of  today,  so  we  should 
bear  in  mind  that  in  the  past  people  were  satisfied  with  amounts  of 
metal  that  would  be  considered  insignificant  now.  Mr.  E.  C.  Eckel 
has  pointed  out  that  at  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  America  the  tbtal 
amount  of  gold  accumulated  in  Europe  in  all  forms  was  worth  less 
than  $100,000,000,  and  that  up  to  the  American  Revolution  the  iron 
made  annually  in  this  country  was  but  15,000  to  25,000  tons.  Even 
at  that  it  was  equal  to  the  output  of  England.  Many  deposits 
which  would  satisfy  such  demands  are  of  no  importance  whatever 
under  modern  conditions  of  business  and  technology.  Whole  groups, 
therefore,  of  ancient  workings  may  be  passed  in  review  quickly  once 
you  are  satisfied  as  to  their  type  and  average  extent. 

Finding  deposits  suitable  for  large  mining  exterprises  is,  however, 
not  the  whole  of  the  work  of  an  exploring  engineer.  He  may  be  em- 
ployed to  look  up  sources  of  some  mineral  which  does  not  occur  in 
large  bodies,  such  as  tungsten  or  vanadium.  In  such  cases  little  bodies 
must  be  regarded  as  jealously  as  are  large  ones  of  cheaper  metals.  A 
due  sense  of  proportion  is  of  high  value  to  him  and  an  intimate  knowl- 
edge of  the  mode  of  occurrence  of  the  mineral  he  is  seeking  to  find  is  a 
first  essential.  Placer  gold  has  a  natural  habitat  and  there  are  char- 
acteristic differences  in  types  of  deposits  which  may  be  correlated 


TRAINING  FOR  FOREIGN  EXPLORATION  9 

with  tlie  character  of  the  country  rocks,  the  extent  of  their  metamor- 
phism,  the  presence  or  absence  of  intrusives,  the  character  of  the 
latter,  the  physiographic  history  of  the  region  and  similar  geological 
features.  Much  is  known  now  of  metallogenic  provinces  and  some- 
thing of  paleogeography.  All  this  and  more  is  useful  to  one  engaged 
in  finding  ore. 

In  estimating  the  value  of  professional  knowledge  necessary  for 
success  as  an  exploring  mining  engineer,  I  would,  therefore,  place  a 
good  working  knowledge  of  geology  first.  This  should  extend  not 
only  to  the  technic  but  to  the  sources  of  information  and  to  current 
knowledge  of  the  geology  of  the  region  to  be  explored.  A  metallurgist 
or  a  mining  engineer  engaged  in  operation  of  properties  does  not  need 
so  comprehensive  an  understanding  of  geology.  It  is  sufficient  if  he 
knows  the  general  scope  of  the  science  and  the  particular  waj^s  it  may 
be  applied  to  problems  he  must  face.  It  is  by  no  means  necessary 
that  he  should  be  versed  in  its  technic,  since  there  will  always  be  within 
reach  men  skilled  in  the  art  who  may  be  called  to  his  assistance.  What 
he  should  know  is  when  a  geologist  can  be  helpful  and  how  to  use  him 
in  his  work.  It  would  be  better  for  such  men  to  concentrate  their  time 
and  energy  upon  acquiring  a  complete  mastery  of  their  own  work 
rather  than  an  amateur  and  probably  misleading  knowledge  of  geology. 

In  the  case  of  the  exploring  engineer  the  case  is  different.  His 
prime  function  is  to  find  ores,  and  to  do  this  he  must  know  ore  bodies 
and  the  laws  which  govern  their  occurrence.  These  laws  are  imper- 
fectly understood,  much  regarding  them  remains  to  be  learned  and  to 
resolve  these  doubts  calls  for  the  most  complete  knowledge  obtainable 
concerning  the  principles  of  geology,  the  history  of  the  earth,  and  the 
technic  of  making  geological  studies.  It  is  therefore  important  that 
the  exploring  engineer  should  be  first  of  all  a  well  trained  geologist, 
one  capable  of  observing,  recording,  weighing  and  judging  the  numer- 
ous facts  of  which  account  must  be  taken  in  making  his  determinations. 

Much  observation  has  convinced  me,  though  as  to  this  there  are 
differences  of  opinion,  that  it  is  better  if  he  learn  his  geology  first  as  a 
scientific  study.  There  is  a  high  value  in  the  detached  point  of  view 
of  the  man  who  loves  science  for  its  own  sake  and  counts  truth  as  most 
important.  Men  so  trained  have  usually  more  vision.  They  have 
a  wider  knowledge  of  the  literature  of  the  subject  and  of  the  work  of 
others.  They  are  less  eager  to  accumulate  only  the  facts  of  immediate 
importance  and  so  have  more  facts  and  more  theory  upon  which  to 
fall  back  when  in  difficulty.  They  do  their  work  better  because  they 
look  over  the  whole  problem  first.  Not  infrequently  they  make  large 
savings  by  eliminating  unprofitable  work  through  preliminary  study 
of  literature.  For  all  these  reasons  I  would  recommend  the  man 
who  purposes  to  devote  his  time  to  exploration  to  study  geology  first 
and  to  study  it  as  though  he  expected  to  be  a  professional  geologist. 

This,  however,  is  not  alone  enough.  It  requires  but  little  knowl- 
edge of  the  field  to  recognize  that  many  serious  mistakes  have  been 


10  MISSOURI  SCHOOL  OF  MINES 

made  through  relying  on  the  advice  of  geologists.  For  this  particular 
work  of  finding  ore  is  needed  more  than  the  usual  equipment  of  a  good 
geologist.  The  latter  is  rarely  versed  in  economics,  and  this  is  almost 
equally  essential.  Too  many  geologists  have  no  adequate  under- 
standing of  the  relative  importance  of  things  from  the  miner's  point 
of  view.  Not  being  trained  in  assuming  financial  responsibility  for 
mistakes,  they  are  cheerfully  optimistic  when  to  be  unduly  so  invites 
failure.  Their  first  tendency  is  to  general  advice,  and  all  too  promptly 
they  will  sketch  out  plans  for  development  that  call  for  millions  when 
perhaps  thousands  alone  are  available.  The  geologist  therefore  needs 
further  training  before  he  is  properly  prepared  to  advise  regarding 
mining  development.  As  a  geologist  he  is  what  one  may  call  semi- 
finished material  though,  I  would  have  you  understand,  most  excellent 
material  for  further  manufacture. 

When  the  prospective  exploring  engineer  has'  completed  his 
scientific  studies  he  needs  help  and  criticism  from  his  fellows,  the 
mining  engineer  and  the  metallurgist.  It  is  not  necessary  that  he 
should  become  equally  learned  in  their  branches  of  the  profession, 
but  it  is  essential  that  he  have  a  clear  conception  of  the  scope,  char- 
acter, and  limitations  of  their  work.  It  is  his  business  to  find  the  ore 
which  the  mining  engineer  shall  mine  and  the  metallurgist  treat. 
Clearly  no  one  will  be  profited  by  his  finding  and  mapping  metallif- 
erous segregations  which  cannot  be  mined  or  are  not  amenable  to 
treatment.  It  may  be  highly  interesting  and  of  great  scientific  im- 
port to  map  such  bodies  of  mineral,  but  that  is  the  function,  among 
others,  of  the  geologists  of  olfieial  surveys.  The  exploration  engineer 
must  work  to  find  something  out  of  which  a  profit  may  be  made  or  he 
has  not  found  ore.  Clearly  he  must  know,  at  least  in  general  terms, 
the  limits  of  cost  which  separate  ore  from  rock,  and  he  must  have  some 
well  defined  ideas  of  the  technical  difficulties  to  be  overcome  in  mining 
each  particular  deposit  and  of  the  methods  likely  to  be  applied.  It 
is  not  necessary  that  he  should  be  able  to  make  the  application.  That 
calls  for  skill  of  another  character,  but  he  must  know,  and  know  surely, 
that  some  one  of  several  methods,  perhaps,  may  be  applied  and  must 
be  able  to  approximate  the  cost.  It  is  useless  to  find  and  drill  placer 
ground  where  the  boulders  are  too  large  and  numerous,  or  the  bottom 
too  hard  or  pinnacled,  to  permit  dredging,  while  the  supply  of  water,  of 
storage  space,  or  the  grade  prevents  hydraulicking  or  sluicing.  Tlhere 
are  dry  placers,  it  is  true,  but  if  the  exploration  engineer  finds  condi- 
tions so  unfavorable  he  would  do  well  to  defer  drilling  until  after  taking 
expert  advice  as  to  methods  and  costs  of  dry  washing.  It  is  also  use- 
less to  spend  money  on  a  careful  examination  of  a  placer  property 
unless  there  is  reason  to  anticipate  that  the  gravel  will  yield  as  much 
or  more  than  the  cost  of  working  elsewhere  under  similar  conditions. 
To  determine  this,  one  must  know  what  constitutes  similar  conditions 
and  what  usual  and  unusual  costs  are.  It  is  no  part  of  the  ordinary 
training  of  the  geologist  to  accumulate  such  data,  and  if  he  is  to  sue- 


TRAINING  FOR  FOREIGN  EXPLORATION  11 

ceed  in  exploration  he  must  draw  on  the  experience  of  the  engineer 
for  it  either  by  serving  an  apprenticeship  under  him  or  having  always 
a  competent  engineer  as  an  associate.  The  latter  is  not  always  fea- 
sible, and  it  is  greatly  to  the  benefit  of  his  future  if  the  geologist  will 
serve  for  a  time  as  helper  to  a  good  engineer  in  operating  or  ex- 
amination work.  It  will  help  him  to  get  into  the  habit  of  quantitative 
thinking  and  he  will  learn  much  of  the  law  of  averages.  For  one  thing, 
engineering  methods  of  sampling  are  on  a  much  sounder  basis  than 
are  those  of  the  geologist.  It  is  one  of  the  minor  tragedies  of  scien- 
tific work  tha)t  so  much  high  thinking  is  done  over  non-representative 
samples.  Geologists  generally  have  the  same  naive  confidence  as 
has  the  prospector  and  promoter  in  their  ability  to  take  a  "grab" 
sample  which  will  be  representative,  and  this  is  a  common  source  of 
error  and  disappointment. 

Having  said  so  much  in  disparagement  of  the  profession  which  I 
have  long  loved,  let  me  add  that  in  the  study  of  placers  there  is  no 
knowledge  that  entirely  compensates  for  lack  of  clear  conceptions  of 
geologic  history  and  skill  in  geologic  interpretation.  Placers  are  the 
products  of  rivers  or  beach  action.  Their  accumulation  is  an  incident 
in  river,  lake  or  marine  history  and  may  be  closely  correlated  with 
the  physiographic  history  of  a  region.  There  are  definite  places  at 
which  they  may  be  expected  to  occur  and  others  at  which  it  is  useless 
to  seek  them.  Frequently  they  relate  back  to  ancient  rivers  and  to 
physiographic  stages  in  the  past  whose  marks,  obscured  by  later 
changes,  may  be  picked  up  only  by  the  skilled  eye,  and  of  which  the 
evidence  may  be  correlated  only  by  an  active,  well  trained  brain. 
To  indicate  the  need  of  supplementary  training  and  experience  is  not 
to  discredit  what  is  sound  and  useful  in  that  already  given  to  geologists. 
While  I  have  drawn  my  illustration  from  the  field  of  placer  mining, 
a  similar  argument  may  be  made  in  the  case  of  lode  mining,  where 
structure,  secondary  enrichment,  and  other  phases  of  geology  are 
equally  important,  but  where  also  it  is  necessary  to  know  in  outline 
of  mining  methods,  especially  of  the  critical  limits,  both  technical  and 
financial,  of  their  application.  The  situation  is  the  same  in  explor- 
ation for  gas  and  oil  except  that  petroleum  technology,  being  newer, 
is  not  as  yet  wall  formulated  and  the  financial  limits  are  more  elastic. 
The  rewards  of  success  in  oil  and  gas  production  are  so  much  larger 
in  proportion  to  the  immediate  investment,  and  the  returns  are  so 
much  more  prompt,  that  it  is  not  possible  to  estimate  probable  costs 
as  closely  as  in  other  forms  of  mining. 

Consideration  of  costs  leads  one  into  the  larger  field  of  economies, 
a  popular  branch  of  learning  just  at  present.  Aside,  however,  from 
this  new  general  interest  in  what  was  once  called  "the  dismal  science," 
and  belief  in  its  applicability  to  present  day  problems,  there  are  per- 
manent reasons  for  the  exploring  engineer  acquiring  more  than  a  slight 
acquaintence  with  economics. 

Minerals  are  the  raw  materials  on  which  are  based  numerous  in- 


12  MISSOURI  SCHOOL  OF  MINES 

dustries  and  the  conditions  which  limit  their  use  are  the  same  in  many 
particulars  as  are  those  which  unduly  aid  industry  in  a  given  region. 
Security  of  title,  stability  of  government,  availability  of  labor,  ade- 
quacy of  financial  support,  these  are  all  matters  to  be  considered  in 
exploration  and  they  are  also  matters  studied  by  economists.  Here 
again  the  exploring  engineer  may  to  his  advantiage  draw  on  a  fellow 
professional  for  methods  and  data.  His  own  training  prepares  him 
to  judge  as  to  the  material.  Matters  concerning  men  and  money 
are,  however,  equally  important  since  the  test  of  his  results  is  whether 
he  has  found  something  which  may  be  produced  with  reasonable  ex- 
pectation of  profit.  The  subject  is  too  large  for  discussion  here.  I 
may  merely  mention  a  few  items  by  way  of  illustration. 

One  of  the  assumptions  too  commonly  made  is  that  low  wages 
necessarily  means  cheap  production.  This  may  or  may  not  be  true. 
It  is  largely  a  matter  of  efficiency.  If  it  requires,  as  it  sometimes  does, 
six  miners  of  one  race  to  do  the  work  of  one  of  another,  it  must  be 
clear  that  paying  wages  in  the  ratio  of  one  to  six  does  not  lower  costs. 
Not  only  that,  but  the  final  cost  of  production  with  such  "cheap" 
labor  will  be  higher  because  of  the  larger  number  of  working  faces 
necessary  in  the  mine,  greater  amount  of  equipment,  the  extra  super- 
vision and  housing,  the  higher  accident  ratio  and  other  matters,  all 
of  which  enter  into  the  final  cost.  On  the  contrary,  one  must  not  con- 
clude that  raising  wages  cheapens  production.  It  only  does  so  wh-en 
increased  efficiency  results  from  the  added  desire  on  the  part  of  the 
men  to  hold  their  jobs,  or  when  it  enables  a  particular  employer  to 
attract  the  better  men  from  others.  Generally  added  efficiency  in 
labor  is  purchased  at  an  increased  cost  per  unit,  just  as  the  added  speed 
of  a  fast  steamer  calls  for  more  eoal  per  mile  than  when  driving  at  a 
slower  rate.  It  is  also  to  be  remembered  that  there  are  natural  in- 
equalities in  efficiency  and  in  the  economical  rate  of  speed  of  work 
as  between  men.  These  can  only  be  changed  slowly.  Another  factor 
to  be  constantly  kept  in  mind  by  the  engineer  is  that  one  of  the  costs 
of  a  new  enterprise  is  that  of  attracting  labor  to  it  from  existing  in- 
dustries. It  may  usually  be  safely  assumed  that  the  people  of  any 
district  are  already  employed.  If  they  do  not  work  they  generally 
starve.  What  they  are  doing  may  seem  relatively  unimportant  to  the 
visitor  but  it  assumes  another  aspect  to  them.  It  is  necessary  either 
to  import  men  already  accustomed  to  the  industry,  usually  at  material 
expense,  or  to  tempt  workers  out  of  some  other  line  into  the  new  one 
and  then  to  train  them  to  it.  This  requires  both  time  and  money. 
The  importance  of  the  time  factor  arises  from  its  effect  on  the  present 
value  of  proposed  investment.  To  illustrate:  deferring  the  initial 
returns  for  two  years  decreases  by  14%  the  present  value  of  a  series 
of  dividends  running  through  20  years  at  8%,  assuming  accumulations 
at  3  %.  The  actual  result  varies  with  the  assumption  of  time  and  rate, 
but  the  essential  fact  is  that  mere  delay  is  expensive.  When  this  delay 
is  coupled  with  upkeep  charges  it  is  even  more  serious.     This  whole 


TRAINING  FOR  FOREIGN  EXPLORATION  13 

matter  of  the  possible  and  probable  rate  of  and  continuity  of  pro- 
duction is  one  of  first  importance  in  determining  the  availability  or 
value  of  any  mine  or  prospect.  Into  it  enters  also  the  various  ques- 
tions of  market.  I  have  already  indicated  my  reasons  for  believing 
that,  whatever  may  be  the  depressing  facts  of  the  immediate  present, 
we  may  safely  assume  a  continued  demand  for  metals.  This  demand 
will,  however,  vary  from  time  to  time  both  for  the  group  as  a  whole, 
such  variations  being  due  to  general  causes  outside  the  industry  itself, 
and  also  as  relates  to  each  metal.  It  is  necessary  to  study  problems 
such  as  expansion  of  use,  substitution,  periodic  demand,  and  similar 
matters  far  aside  from  ordinary  class  room  instruction.  As  regards 
a  particular  enterprise,  it  is  necessary  in  fixing  capitalization  to  make 
assumptions  not  only  as  to  the  probable  average  price  of  output  during 
the  life  time  of  the  investment  but  also  the  maximum  and  minimum 
to  be  assumed,  the  probable  period  of  duration  of  each,  and  if,  as  is 
occasionally  true,  some  guess  can  be  made  as  to  the  impending  swing 
of  the  pendulum,  it  will  be  of  great  assistance.  A  property  is  financed 
on  the  basis  of  average  returns  through  an  expected  life  determined 
by  consideration  of  numerous  factors.  A  company  in  which  capital 
is  so  adjusted  to  income  may  nonetheless  fail  if  not  prepared  to  with- 
stand a  temporary  period  of  low  prices,  while  if  high  prices  may  be 
safely  assumed  in  the  near  future  it  is  possible  to  finance  the  enter- 
prise from  earnings  to  a  considerable  extent.  There  is  one  general 
rule,  the  old  one  that  a  "bird  in  hand  is  worth  two  in  bush."  This  is 
sound  not  only  because  of  the  risk  attached  to  the  question  of  ac- 
quiring the  two  theoretically  in  the  bush  but  because  the  one  in  hand, 
if  a  good  hen,  may  lay  eggs  through  the  waiting  period.  The  dollar 
of  today  is  worth  more,  normally,  than  the  dollar  which  is  to  be  paid 
some  years  later  because  it  may  earn  for  you  interest  meanwhile. 
This  principle  of  the  greater  value  of  quick  returns  when  astutely 
used  is  a  great  help  in  bargaining. 

It  happens  that  there  are  many  minerals  that  are  only  of  im- 
portant value  when  properly  related  to  others.  Iron  ore,  coking  coal 
and  limestone  form  a  trinity.  Nothing  is  of  less  value  than  a  large 
deposit  of  pure  iron  ore  where  it  cannot  be  used.  The  value  of  iron 
ore  is  less  a  matter  of  the  extent  and  composition  of  the  deposit  than 
the  assembly  cost  of  raw  materials  at  a  suitable  point  for  making  pig 
iron  and  steel.  Such  matters  seem,  possibly,  far  from  the  province 
of  the  exploring  engineer  but  all  around  the  world  are  wrecks  of  busi- 
ness enterprises  where  money  was  spent  to  find  and  develop  raw  ma- 
terials without  adequate  study  of  competition  and  market  conditions. 
The  exploring  engineer  who  disregards  such  problems  limits  his  use- 
fulness and  the  rewards  that  he  may  expect. 

Just  as  any  engineer  starting  for  a  far  country  carries  in  addition 
to  instruments,  food,  and  engineering  supplies,  a  personal  kit,  so  there 
are  accomplishments  that  are  as  desirable  if  not  necessary  to  the  ex- 
ploring engineer  as  his  knowledge  of  mathematics  and  geology.     He 


14  MISSOURI  SCHOOL  OF  MINES 

must  know  how  to  keep  himself  and  his  men  in  good  health  or  his  ex- 
pedition will  fail.  He  is  the  scout  of  industry  and  often  the  pioneer 
of  civilization.  When  he  goes  into  the  wilds  the  health  risk  is  often 
the  greatest  personal  danger  faced.  Even  when  he  goes  to  older  settled 
countries  the'conditions  of  life  differ  from  those  in  his  own  home  and 
care  is  necesssary.  With  care  it  is  possible  to  live  and  work  in  almost 
any  country.  It  is  now  known  that  where  it  is  worth  while  to  do  so, 
even  tropical  jungle  lands  may  be  made  safe  and  sanitary.  To  do  this 
involves  heavy  expenditure  not  warranted  in  exploration,  so  that  the 
pioneers  assume  risks  not  necessarily  met  by  the  operating  forces  that 
come  later.  The  exploring  engineer  would  do  well  to  look  carefully 
to  his  own  physical  condition  and  watch  closely  the  food,  drink,  and 
habits  of  his  whole  party.  Learn  and  enforce  proper  rules  as  to  camp 
sanitation.  One  careless  man  may  wreck  an  expedition  or  cause 
long  and  expensive  delays.  It  is  generally  true  that  the  most  suitable 
food  is  the  food  of  the  country  but  the  exceptions  are  numerous  and 
the  cost  of  a  mistake  serious.  Until  the  facts  in  each  instance  are 
established  it  is  a  justifiable  expense  to  use  imported  foods.  Proper 
cooking  will  render  foods  otherwise  dangerous  safe,  and  moderation 
in  eating  strange  dishes  is  a  wise  precaution.  The  American  habit 
of  drinking  raw  water  is  one  to  be  indulged  with  discretion  in  regions 
of  older  civilizations,  but  safe  water  is  easily  obtained  by  boiling.  It 
is  worth  while  to  pay  attention  to  details  such  as  these  which  seem 
small  to  those  accustomed  only  to  our  own  ways  of  living.  A  knowl- 
edge of  the  methods  of  first  aid  and  a  few  medicines  is  of  great  value. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  go  as  far  as  Doc  Miliken  who,  as  you  may  re- 
member, would  "take  that  bracket  saw  and  the  mild  chloride  and  his 
hypodermic,  and  treat  anything  from  yellow  fever  to  a  personal  friend," 
but  a  little  knowledge  of  simple  medicines  will  ease  your  way  greatly 
in  strange  countries.  Learn  to  ride,  to  shoot,  to  swim,  and  to  handle 
a  small  boat.  I  need  hardly  admonish  a  young  American  these  days 
to  learn  to  run  a  motor  car,  but  the  accomplishments  common  in  the 
older  days  of  country  and  village  life  are  becoming  rare.  It  is  not 
always  possible  to  ride  up  to  a  prospect  in  a  Pullman  or  even  in  a  Ford. 
In  the  nature  of  things,  the  finding  of  new  mines  will  take  one  into 
countries  where  only  other  than  mining  industries  have  been  devel- 
oped, and  in  practice  that  means  going  into  regions  of  country  and 
village  life.  At  times  it  means  rolling  back  the  centuries  and  living 
for  awhile  in  the  medieval  ages.  In  such  places  one  must  know  about 
horses  and  mules — their  habits,  preferences,  food,  simple  ailments, 
and  capacities  for  work.  One  may,  too,  be  called  upon  to  use  a  gun, 
though  far  more  probably  to  afford  the  party  fresh  meat  than  as  a 
means  of  protection.  To  handle  a  boat  or  to  swim  may  be  a  necessity 
at  any  time,  though  it  must  be  admitted  that  in  any  country  where 
small  boats  are  used  native  boatmen  are  likely  to  be  numerous  and 
skillful.  Skill  in  any  of  the  forms  of  what  we  now  call  sport  may  well 
prove  of  first  importance  in  an  emergency  and  will  always  prove  at 


TRAINING  FOR  FOREIGN  EXPLORATION  15 

once  a  means  of  relaxation  and  of  establishing  relations  with  strangers 
regardless  of  race  and  language.  The  latter  is  a  matter  of  no  small 
importance  in  work  when  the  good  will  of  the  whole  party  and  of  the 
people  of  the  country  traversed  is  so  important. 

Lastly,  I  would  urge  that  to  be  successful  one  should  have  some- 
thing of  the  spirit  of  adventure.  Unless  new  scenes  and  new  faces 
appeal  to  you,  unless  you  find  joy  in  the  long  days  in  saddle  or  afoot, 
unless  the  cheer  of  the  camp  fire  means  more  to  you  than  the  clank 
of  the  steam  radiator,  unless  to  you  coffee  does  not  lose  its  fine  flavor 
when  served  from  a  tin  cup,  unless  you  can  sleep  between  blankets 
and  not  think  of  their  scratching,  do  not  undertake  exploration.  If 
you  must  have  a  napkin  and  morning  paper  at  breakfast,  if  you  can 
not  write  save  at  a  well  equipped  desk,  if  you  are  not  happy  except 
with  your  family  and  intimate  friends,  if  you  must  needs  see  the 
movies  before  you  can  go  to  bed  at  night,  you  will  be  wise  to  find  a 
routine  job  at  home.  But  to  those  who  have  a  venturing  nature  ad- 
ventures come,  and  if  you  are  one  of  the  elect  who  feel  the  spell  of  the 
Yukon,  or  the  lure  of  the  little  voices,  then  go 

"Adventuring!     Adventuring!     And  oh,  the  sights  to  see 
And  little  fires  along  the  trail  that  wink  at  you  and  me, 
Till  the  last  adventure  calls  us  from  the  old,  the  vain  desires. 
To  a  way  that's  still  untrodden,  though  aglow  with  little  fires. 
Where  no  wanderer  grows  weary  and  a  man  is  free  to  roam. 
Or  hang  his  hat  upon  a  star  and  call  the  planet  home." 


16  BULLETINS  MISSOURI  SCHOOL  OF  MINES 


BULLETINS  OF  THE  MISSOURI  SCHOOL 
OF  MINES 

GENERAL  SERIES 

Vol.  1,  No.  1,  Dec,  1908.  The  Human  Side  of  a  Mining  En- 
gineer's Life.  Edmund  B.  Kirby.  (Commencement  address,  June 
10,  1908.) 

Vol.  1,  No.  2,  38th  Annual  Catalogue,  1909-1910. 

Vol.  1,  No.  3,  June,  1909.  Education  for  Utility  and  Culture. 
Calvin  M.  Woodward.     (Tau  Beta  Pi  address.) 

Vol.  1,  No.  4,  Sept.,  1909.  The  History  and  Development 
of  the  Cyanide  Process.     Horace  Tharp  Mann. 

Vol.  2,  No.  1,  Dec,  1909.  The  Jackling  Field,  School  of  Mines 
and  Metallurgy. 

Vol.  2,  No.  2,  39th  Annual  Catalogue,  1910-1911.     {Out  of  print.) 

Vol.  2,  No.  3,  June,  1910.  Some  of  the  Essentials  of  Success. 
Charles   Summer   Howe.      (Commencement  address,   June   1,   1910.) 

Vol.  2,  No.  4,  Sept.,  1910.  Friction  in  Small  Air  Pipes.  E. 
G.  Harris,  Albert  Park,  H.  K.  Peterson.  (Continued  by  Technical 
Series.     Vol.  1,  Nos.  1  and  4.) 

Vol.  3,  No.  1,  Dec,  1910.  Some  Relations  Between  the  Com- 
position of  a  Mineral  and  Its  Physical  properties.  G.  H.  Cox,  E. 
P.  Murray. 

Vol.  3,  No.  2,  March  1,  1911.  40th  Annual  Catalogue,  1911- 
1912. 

Vol.  3,  No.  3,  June,  1911.  Providing  for  Future  Generations. 
E.  R.  Buckley.      (Tau  Beta  Pi  address.  May  24,  1911.) 

Vol.  3,  No.  4,  Sept.,  1911.  Fall  Announcement  of  Courses. 
{Out  of  print.) 

Vol.  4,  No.  1,  Dec,  1911.  Fortieth  anniversary  of  the  School 
of  Mines  and  Metallurgy  of  the  University  of  Missouri.  Parker 
Hall  Memorial  Address.  Laying  of  cornerstone  of  Parker  Hall, 
RoUa,  Missouri,  October  24,  1911. 

Vol.  4,  No.  2,  March,  1912.  41st  Annual  Catalogue,  1912- 
1913. 

•   Vol.   4,    No.   3,   June,    1912.     Mining   and   Civilization.     J.    R. 
Finlay.     (Commencement  address.  May  31,  1912.) 

Vol.  4,  No.  4,  Sept.,  1912.  Fall  announcement  of  courses. 
{Out  of  print.) 

Vol.  5,  No.  1,  Dec,  1912.     Student  Life. 

Vol.  5,  No.  2,  March,  1913.  42nd  Annual  Catalogue,  1912- 
1913. 

Vol.  5,  No.  3.     Never  published. 

Vol.  5,  No.  4.     Never  published. 


BULLETINS  MISSOURI  SCHOOL  OF  MINES  17 

Vol.  6,  No.  1.     Never  published. 

Vol.  6,  No.  2,  March,  1914.  43rd  Annual  Catalogue,  1913- 
1914. 

Vol.  6,  No.  3.     Never  published. 

Vol.  6,  No.  4.     Never  published. 

Vol.  7,  No.  1.     Never  published. 

Vol.  7,  No.  2,  March,  1915.  44th  Annual  Catalogue,  1914-1915. 

Vol.  7,  No.  3,  June,  1915.  Description  of  special  courses  in 
oil  and  gas  and  allied  subjects. 

Vol.  7,  No.  4,  Sept.,  1915.     Register  of  graduates,  1874-1915. 

Vol.  8,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1916.  Bibliography  on  Concentrating 
Ores  by  Flotation.     Jesse  Cunningham. 

Vol.  8,  No.  2,  March,  1916.     45th  Annual  Catalogue,  1915-1916. 

Vol.  8,  No.  3,  June,  1916.  The  Business  of  Mining.  W.  R. 
Ingalls.     (Commencement  address,  May  26,  1916.) 

Vol.  8,  No.  4,  Oct.,  1916.  Register  of  Graduates,  1874-1916. 
{Out  of  print.) 

Vol.  9,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1917.  Road  Problems  in  the  Ozarks.  E. 
G.  Harris.     Bibliography  on  Rural  Roads.     H.  L.  Wheeler. 

Vol.  9,  No.  2,  March,  1917.  46th  Annual  Catalogue,  1916- 
1917. 

Vol.  9,  No.  3,  June,  1917.  What  Should  A  Present-Day  Metal- 
lurgical Education  Comprise.  Charles  Hermann  Fulton.  (Com- 
mencement address.  May  25,  1917.) 

Vol.  9,  No.  4,  Oct.,  1917.  Register  of  Graduates,  1874-1917. 
M.  S.  M.  men  in  military  service. 

Vol.  10,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1918.     Student  Life;  Revised  Edition. 

Vol.  10,  No.  2,  March,  1918.  47th  Annual  Catalogue,  1917- 
1918. 

Vol.  10,  No.  3,  June,  1918.  The  Human  Side  of  Mining  Engi- 
neering. James  Furman  Kemp.  (Commencement  address,  May  24, 
1918.) 

Vol.  10,  No.  4,  Oct.,  1918.  (Delayed.)  List  of  publications 
wanted  by  the  library,  and  of  duplicates  available  for  sale  or  ex- 
change, April,  1920. 

Vol.  11,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1919.      (Never  published.) 

Vol.  11,  No.  2,  March,  1919.  48th  Annual  Catalogue,  1918- 
1919. 

Vol.  11,  No.  3,  June,  1919.  Road  Problems  in  the  Ozarks; 
2nd  edition,  revised  and  extended.  G.  E.  Harris.  Bibliography 
on  rural  roads.     H.  L.  Wheeler. 

Vol.  11,  No.  4,  October,  1919.  Register  of  Graduates,  1874- 
1919. 

Vol.  12,  No.  1,  Jan.,  1920.  War  Service  Records  of  the  Mis- 
souri School  of  Minos.     Compiled  by  G.  E.  Ebmeyer. 

Vol.  12,  No.  2,  March,  1920.  49th  Annual  Catalogue,  1919- 
1920. 


18  BULLETINS   MISSOURI  SCHOOL  OF  MINES 

Vol.  12,  No.  3,  June,  1920.  Contemporary  Novels  and  Nov- 
elists; A  List  of  References.     H.  L.  Wheeler. 

Vol.  12,  No.  4,  October,  1920.  Department  of  Vocational 
Education. 

Vol.  13,  No.  1.      (In  preparation.) 

Vol.  13,  No.  2,  March,  1921.  50th  Annual  Catalogue,  1920- 
1921. 

Vol.  13,  No.  3,  June,  1921.  Training  for  Foreign  Exploration. 
H.  Foster  Bain.      (Commencement  Address,  April  29,  1921.) 

TECHNICAL  SERIES 

Vol.  1,  No.  1,  Nov.,  1911.  Friction  in  Air  Pipes.  E.  G.  Har- 
ris.     (Continuation  of  General  Series,  Vol.  2,  No.  4.) 

Vol.  1,  No.  2,  Feb.,  1912.  Metallurgy  and  Ore  Dressing  Lab- 
oratories of  the  Missouri  School  of  Mines  and  Metallurgy.  D. 
Copeland,  H.  T.  Mann,  H.  A.  Roesler.      (Out  of  print.) 

Vol.  1,  No.  3,  May,  1912.  Some  Apparatus  and  Methods 
for  Demonstrating  Rock  Drilling  and  the  Loading  of  Drill-Holes 
in  Tunnelling.     L.  E.  Young. 

Vol.  1,  No.  4,  Aug.,  1912.  Friction  in  Air  Pipes.  E.  G.  Har- 
ris.     (Continuation  of  Vol.  1,  No.  1,  Nov.,  1911.) 

Vol.  2,  No.  1,  Aug.,  1915.  Comparative  Tests  of  Piston  Drill 
Bits.     C.  R.  Forbes  and  L.  M.  Cummings. 

Vol.  2,  No.  2,  Nov.,  1915.  Orifice  Measurements  of  Air  in 
Large  quantities.     Elmo  G.  Harris. 

Vol.  2,  No.  3,  Feb.,  1916.  Cupellation  Losses  in  Assaying. 
Horace  T.  Mann  and  Charles  Y.  Clayton. 

Vol.  2,  No.  4,  May,  1916.  Geologic  criteria  for  determining  the 
structural  position  of  sedimentary  beds.  G.  H.  Cox  and  C.  L.  Dake. 
{Out  of  print.) 

Vol.  3,  No.  1,  Aug.,  1916.  Experiments  from  the  Flotation 
Laboratory.     C.  Y.  Clayton.     (Out  of  print.) 

Vol.  3,  No.  2,  Nov.,  1916.  Studies  on  the  Origin  of  Missouri 
Cherts  and  Zinc  Ores.  G.  H.  Cox,  R.  S.  Dean,  and  V.  H.  Gott- 
schalk. 

Vol.  3,  No.  3,  Feb.,  1917.  Preliminary  Report  on  Blended 
Portland  Cement.     E.  S.  McCandliss. 

Vol.  3,  No.  4,  May,  1917.  Studies  in  the  Production  of  Oils 
and  Tars  from  Bituminous  Materials.     J.  C.  Ingram. 

Vol.  4,  No.  1,  Aug.,  1917.  The  Hydrometallurgy  and  Elec- 
trolytic Precipitation  of  Zinc.     F.  D.  James. 

Vol.  4,  No.  2,  Nov.,  1917.  The  Effect  of  Addition  Agents  in 
Flotation.     Part  I.     M.  H.  Thornberry  and  H.  T.  Mann. 

Vol.  4,  No.  3,  Feb.,  1918.  Bibliography:  Roasting,  Leach- 
ing, Smelting,  Electric  Smelting  and  Electrolysis  of  Zinc.  H.  L. 
Wheeler. 


BULLETINS  MISSOURI  SCHOOL  OF  MINES  19 

Vol.  4,  May,  1918.  An  Investigation  of  Blended  Portland 
Cement.     E.  S.  MeCandliss  and  H.  H.  Armsby. 

Vol.  5,  No.  1,  Aug.,  1919.  The  Carbonization  of  Missouri 
Cannel  Coals.     H.  L.   Dunlap,   K.   K.   Kershner  and  V.  X.  Smiley. 

Vol.  5,  No.  2,  Nov.,  1919.  The  EfPect  of  Addition  Agents  in 
Flotation.     Part  II.     M.  H.  Thornberry  and  H.  T.  Mann. 

Vol.  5,  No.  3,  Feb.,  1921.  An  Investigation  of  the  Xylenes 
Obtained  from  the  Carbonization  of  Coal.  W.  D.  Turner.  {In 
press.) 

Vol.  5,  No.  4,  May  1921,  Coal  Mining  Methods  in  Missouri. 
W.  W.  Weigel.      (In  Press.) 

V 


Engineering 

'^'^The  Keystone  of  Civilization 


99 


The  MISSOURI  School  of  mines 

offers  courses  leading  to  degrees  in 

Chemical  Engineering 
Civil  Engineering 
Electrical  Engineering 
Mechanical  Engineering 
Metallurgy 
Mining  Engineering 
General  Science 

and  courses  in 

Vocational  Education 


FOR  LITERATURE,   ADDRESS 

THE  REGISTRAR,  MISSOURI  SCHOOL  OF  MINES 

ROLLA,   MISSOURI 


3  0112  105733130 


